What You Dont Know About Buy a History Research Paper Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

What You Don't Know About Buy a History Research Paper Could Be Costing to More Than You Think Research Paper isn't a task for a single day. Select the paper you demand. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you will be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that genuinely covers the whole subject. Exactly like an essay, your research paper desires a hook. In case you have any questions concerning the term paper at any moment in the process, make sure to get in touch with me. In different situations, it's the women who owned the houses. If you should write only a single paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out as you are blessed. It is an impossible task to compose a great history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about in any way. Everything is based on the college discipline. Writing is an undoubtedly hard venture to set out on but at the exact same time an interesting one too if it's your hobby and you're little innovative. Professional writing service will solve difficulties with homework at any level with no delays. Look into the terms by itself and make sure that chronological order is adhered to. If you wish to outline a multi-chapter work, like a dissertation, then you are going to want to bring another level to the hierarchy. An outline does not have to be a specific map, only a rough guide to inform you where you've been, and where you're going. Introducing Buy a History Research Paper Once you've got a notion of what you would like to write about, be sure your topic is neither broad nor narrow. Ask a librarian for help if you're having trouble finding print sources that are relevant to your topic. When you're writing a research paper on history, there are a few simple problems that you've got to take into consideration all the moment. Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of research on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little bit of preliminary searching and be certain you're have all the info you have to compose your paper . Needless to say, you can alter the topic a bit or elaborate on it further. Secondly, it's preferable to narrow down the topic. For some students, a collection of topic is the easiest part. When you decide on a research topic, make certain it is one which you understand and have a firm grasp on. Writing a research paper about such a substantial moment in the American history can be very advantageous there's already plenty of research on the topic. The success of a research paper mostly is based on the topic, which is why a number of time is spent searching for the best research paper topics for college students. Even if a particular research paper topic is getting plenty of buzz at this time or other individuals seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. Frequently students are requested to compose essays on history of art. Choice of a topic another major element to be thought about. To stumble upon a subject that has been researched adequately but not too much can be an intimidating issue to do. An excellent paper topic needs to be interesting and ought to incorporate an original idea or position try to prevent cliche topics which will likely bore your reader. Picking yo ur topic is only the beginning. Usually, a particular period of arts history is chosen. America is among the oldest nation in the planet. Through the revolution, Americans rejected British rule causing the formation of the fantastic republic of the USA. History is a subject that's always tightly joined to the notion of time and space.

The Formal Operational Thought Capacity Of Aa Mooney

This case study was undertaken to measure the formal operational thought capacity of AA Mooney (Not his real name). This participant is a twelve year old African American male in the seventh grade who attends middle school in Macon Georgia, but he is originally from Los Angles California. This case study is on the A B honor roll and plays football for his school. His parents are both educated and they are both in the home and are part of the middle socioeconomic class. This case study has one male sibling who is one year younger. Throughout his free time, mostly on weekends or after school, the participant enjoys playing a variety of video games on his play station, and shooting hoops in his backyard with his brother. Generally, my case†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, not every adolescent develops into this stage â€Å"The stage of formal operations involves the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning which is the capacity to think scientifically and apply the a ccuracy of scientific methods to cognitive task (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958).† Abstract thought, metacognition, meaning, thinking about thinking, and problem solving are the higher order thinking skills that appear in the formal operational stage. In this particular stage, the individual learns to develop assumptions that are not often grounded in actuality, such as hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Adolescents at this point in their development are moving from inductive to deductive reasoning. â€Å"Piaget and his colleagues developed an experiment called the â€Å"pendulum problem† with which they wanted to assess whether individuals had reached the formal operational stage. Classically, he had children balance a scale using different types of weights (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958).† It is only in early adolescence could children understand the connection between space or distance from the center of the scale and the mass of the weights. This method involves a leng th of string and a set of weights. AA was asked to take into consideration three factors; the length of the string, the heaviness of the weight, and the power of push. The assignment was to work out which factor was most important in defining the speed of swing of the pendulum. AA was able to change theShow MoreRelatedFormal Operations Synopsis. This Case Study Was Undertaken1339 Words   |  6 PagesFormal Operations Synopsis This case study was undertaken to measure the formal operational thought capacity of AA Mooney (Not his real name). This participant is a twelve year old African American male in the seventh grade who attends middle school in Macon Georgia, but he is originally from Los Angles California. This subject is on the A B honor roll and plays football for his school. His parents are both educated and they are both in the home and are part of the middle socioeconomic class. This

Deliberative Publics and Science Policy

Question: Discuss about the Deliberative Publics and Science Policy. Answer: Introduction The public consultation is one of the most important rights of the citizens in a democratic country (Burgess 2014 pp 50). The citizens have the right to engage in the decision-making process of the nation. It is a form of recognition of the citizens has access to especially in a democratic economy (Axelrod and VanDeveer 2014 pp 104). The government gives sufficient opportunities to participate in the process of shaping the world (Burgess 2014). This kind of participation is usually affected in several ways at various levels. They can range from informal local community settings to the involvement of legal entities, NGOs and key institutions (Axelrod and VanDeveer 2014). This essay would critically assess the strengths as well as weakness of the public consultation process in the policy making function of the government. The analysis would be supported with the help of Australian policy making examples. Discussion The public consultation process comprises of the regulatory framework in which the general publics opinion on important matters is obtained before formulating important decisions (ALNabhani Khan and Yang 2016 pp 608). The primary goals of this process are the improvement of the efficiency as well as fostering transparency in the process. The government often aims for public involvement in the large-scale projects concerning the policies and laws (Axelrod and Van Deveer 2014). This process involves the notification, consultation as well as participation on important matters. The notification process comprises of the publicity on important matters that needs to be addressed. The consultation comprises of the two-way exchange of information as well as the exchange of opinions (Ezzamel et al. 2014). The participation process is concerned with the involvement of the different interest groups in the process of drafting policy on important matters. The process of public consultation is wide ly prevalent in the Commonwealth countries including Australia (Ezzamel et al. 2014). The democratic countries have displayed similar systems all over the world. The process of public consultation is different for different countries. The democracies are different and varied in terms of cultural as well as social distinction (Ezzamel et al. 2014). The conventions, traditions and the structures reflect the habits and values of the citizens of the country (Rose-Ackerman and Palifka 2016). The Australian scientist Graham Maddox has expressed his beliefs by stating that the democracy should be based on the constitutional order through which the power of the states is limited to the appropriate sections. The citizens are increasingly getting involved in the policy making process of the government (Purcell 2014). The principles of public participation are as follows- Public participation improves the quality of decision making of the government. It promotes sustainable decisions by recognising as well as communicating the interests of all the participants (Ezzamel et al. 2014). It involves all the necessary stakeholders in the decision-making process of the organization. It provides sufficient information to the stakeholders which would make them knowledgeable about the current scenario of the government (Purcell 2014). It should be accurate, balanced and comprehensive. The consultation process should be properly evaluated by the selection of criteria such as influence, timeliness, representation, enabling process, feedback and early involvement (Purcell 2014). The importance of the public consultation is described as follows - It fosters the relationship between the citizens and the government (Khan et al. 2015). Empowerment of the citizens as they feel valued to is a part of the decision-making process of the government (Purcell 2014). Growth of the individual opportunities. Increased power of the citizens which would lead to the greater autonomy. Efficient policy formulation as it would lead to better benefits to the nation (Khan et al. 2015). The public participation is considered as the most important aspect of the democratic government. The policy is based on the range of inputs derived from the public. It is also subjected to the external challenges (Khan et al. 2015). The policy formulation needs to be transparent and should be formulated after taking the viewpoints of the employees. There has been considerable improvement in the public services of Australia. The Royal Commission on Government Administration promoted the government approaches towards the public service and asked the citizens to connect greatly with the decision-making authorities of the government (Aph.gov.au 2017). There have been increasing reform activities in the Australia in various democratic parties. It welcomed the management practices in the private sector and emphasized on the three Es such as efficiency, economy and the effectiveness (Aph.gov.au 2017). The New Public Management (NPM) emphasized on the integration of the private sector with the public sector by applying the main lessons from the private sector in the formulation of public policies (Aph.gov.au 2017). There is an increase in the civic engagement in the country by increasing the stakeholder involvement and the citizen responsiveness (Aph.gov.au 2017). There are several strengths of the public consultation process. They are described below Sustainable Development- The public consultation has a unique feature of considering all the stakeholders for the purpose of deriving suitable decisions. This kind of consultation aims to integrate the social, economic and environmental aspects (Environment.gov.au 2017). There would be an increase in the public participation as there is a need to balance the environmental as well as economic trade-offs (Environment.gov.au 2017). In Australia, there are several environment issues which have been solved with the help of public consultation. The Ecological Sustainable Development was one of the first government initiatives to seek for sustainable development activities (Environment.gov.au 2017). It seeks out the public participation in matters such as energy production, energy use, conservation, transport and tourism activities (Environment.gov.au 2017). The Working Group aimed to implement the principles of the sustainable development in relevant sectors through the process of public c onsultation (Environment.gov.au 2017). This involved the increased concern of the public towards the environmental issues. Environmental Protection- One of the primary features of the public consultation in the process of the formulation of the environmental policies. It is believed that the environmental issues prevailing in Australia can be solved with the help of public participation (Vinuales 2014). This is because of the fact that public represents the environmental interests in Australia. It also helps the government to put environment on its agenda. The RIO Declaration has emphasized on the importance of the public participation in the matters of the environment (Vinuales 2014). This declaration is formulated on the Environment and its development which is one of the documents which is presented in the Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which is also known as Earth Summit (Aph.gov.au 2017). The declaration emphasizes on the fact that the environmental issues can be best handled by the participation of the citizens. It focuses on the fact that on the national level, each individual must have access to the relevant information which also includes the information on hazardous activities as well as the actions of the communities (UNEP, 2017). The public consultation in this sector helps to gain secure conservation gains by creating a barrier for the inappropriate development. The public would make the government aware of the existing issues of the environment (Vinuales 2014). Australia faces the issue of marine conservation and hence it is important to conserve the Great Barrier Reef (Dale et al. 2016). The reef faces the issue of climate change, damage in quality of water from run-off, overfishing, accidents related to shipping and the coral bleaching (Harris et al. 2013). Conflict Management- The public consultation process requires the viewpoints of several stakeholders who work for specific national or international issues (Foucault 2013). However, it is also important to understand how to manage the arising conflicts. The public consultation process is designed in such a manner that it gives sufficient opportunities for the citizens to resolve any arguments (Harris et al. 2013). The involvement of the citizens in the early stages of the policy formulation helps them to resolve any individual differences between them. The World Bank acknowledges the role of public consultation in effectively reducing the conflicts arising in the process of formulation of policies (Hill and Varone 2014). The Word Bank gives priority to the public consultation as it believes that this process improves the viability of a project. The public views would be incorporated in the policy document of the government and it is also helpful in the project execution (Harris et al . 2013). This is important for the ownership of the projects and the participation of the stakeholders in the management of the government projects. High performance of the policies- The public consultation focuses on the views of the citizens towards creating a sustainable and robust public policy (Harris et al. 2013). The experience of the citizens would help them to enrich the quality of the public policy. The viewpoints, ideas and the perspectives of the citizens would help to formulate an effective policy aimed at the betterment of the country (Micheletti Stolle and Berlin 2014). The implemented policies would help the country to solve the current issues of the country. The innovative and the creative policy would help the country to gain a new perspective towards the common political issues (Micheletti Stolle and Berlin 2014). It would also help in the consistent reform from the citizen focussed way that can be gained only through the process of public consultation. The collaboration with the citizens and their participation would not only help in the policy formulation but also help in the implementation of the policy in n ational or international context (Micheletti Stolle and Berlin 2014). Economic benefits- The public consultation is one of the core processes which aim to increase the economic benefits of the nation (Buchanan 2014). If there is public participation in the decision-making process, then there would be considerable savings of the time as well as finances (Buchanan 2014). The financial resources are important for a countrys well-being. If the citizens are involved in the early stages of the planning process, then there would be implementation of the correct budget approach. The Australian Government has successfully benefited from the public participation during the process of public consultation (Buchanan 2014). There is several weaknesses of the public consultation in the process of policy formulation. These are described below Costs of public consultation- There is significant increased costs of the public policy formulation as there is involvement of a large number of stakeholders. There are a number of costs that are associated with this approach. Each group of the stakeholders may have different budgetary requirements and this may create burden on the government authorities (Litman 2015). There are various costs associated with this process such as costs of research, cost of communication with the public, cost of resources for consultation management and others (Litman 2015). There can be other costs such as cost of delay and costs associated with the uncertainty of the policy formulation process. The government needs to address these costs and propose necessary suggestions for improving the same (Litman 2015). For example, the Australian Government has found it difficult to retain absolute control of the consultation process and hence there are instances when the government is unable to control the pub lic consultation process (Litman 2015). Lack of authority of citizens- There are instances when the citizens do not have formal powers which would make them suitable for public consultation (Castles 2016). They may not be able to make binding decisions and there can be instances when only a few individuals can participate. For example, in Australia, there is a difference between the Australian citizens and the permanent residents (Castles 2016). A resident has lower participation authority in the government matters of the state while the Australian citizens enjoy different legislative authorities (Castles 2016). The citizens have the right to vote while the residents do not have so. Similarly, the residents do not have the ability to involve in the decision-making process of the government (Castles 2016). The social imbalances regarding the authority to be involved in the public formulation of the policies create difficulties for the government bodies. This also makes it difficult to derive the true meaning of the public c onsultation. Initial preparation issues- The initial preparation phases of the policy formulation may not be easy and there can be issues with the assimilation of the various components (Castles 2016). There may be issues with the agenda setting, selection of jury, selection of the witness and others. There can also be issues with the selection of the community representatives (Castles 2016). The government may find it difficult to select an appropriate section of the population for involving in the policy making process of the government. There are also instances when the selection of a particular group of people does not effectively help in the policy formulation as this group may not be knowledgeable about the particular government matters (Castles 2016). There can be other weaknesses of the public consultation process such as information transfer and the responsiveness. Time consuming nature- There can be increased time consumption of the public consultation process. The individual groups of the citizens are difficult to be assimilated and it may take long time to gain their feedback (Apsc.gov.au 2017). The lack of infrastructure also makes the process of public consultation time consuming. The excessive delay in the policy formulation may cause issues for the government and there may also be delay in the actual implementation of the policies (Apsc.gov.au 2017). The Australian Public Service has lot of challenges regarding the timely implementation of the public policy and the way it is being implemented (Apsc.gov.au 2017). Lack of clarity in the policy making process- There is the presence of overlapping stages in the policy making process and there is no clear process in the implementation of the public consultation. The lack of the institutional arrangements and the lack of clear policy goals have created an issue for the public policy making activity (Khan et al. 2015). The trade unions and the civil society in Australia lack the expertise, resources and the planning to channelize the public consultation process in different areas of policy making (Khan et al. 2015). There is also lack of clarity of the policy makers which make it difficult to actually implement the public consultation process. Conclusion The public consultation is one of the most important parameters of the government and the formulation of the public policy is an important task. The citizens have the right to take decisions for the country. There is a range of different topics that need to be taken into consideration after taking the public viewpoints. This essay discussed about the details of the public consultation process. The principles of the public participation process are also discussed. It is important to implement a wide variety of public consultation polices which would improve the political as well as environmental scenario of Australia. The current situation of Australia regarding the public consultation process is enumerated and a fairly large number of examples have been used in this essay. The strengths as well as weakness of the public consultation process in the formulation of public policy are analysed in detail. This essay would provide a detailed picture of the actual public consultation process . References ALNabhani, K., Khan, F. and Yang, M., 2016. The importance of public participation in legislation of TENORM risk management in the oil and gas industry.Process Safety and Environmental Protection,102, pp.606-614. Aph.gov.au. 2017.Home Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Apsc.gov.au. 2017.APSC - APSC. [online] Available at: https://www.apsc.gov.au [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Axelrod, R.S. and VanDeveer, S.D. eds., 2014.The global environment: institutions, law, and policy. CQ Press. Buchanan, J.M., 2014.Public finance in democratic process: Fiscal institutions and individual choice. UNC Press Books. Burgess, M.M., 2014. From trust us to participatory governance: deliberative publics and science policy.Public understanding of science,23(1), pp.48-52. Castles, S., 2016. Rethinking Australian migration.Australian Geographer,47(4), pp.391-398. Dale, A.P., Vella, K., Pressey, R.L., Brodie, J., Gooch, M., Potts, R. and Eberhard, R., 2016. Risk analysis of the governance system affecting outcomes in the Great Barrier Reef.Journal of Environmental Management,183, pp.712-721. Environment.gov.au. 2017.Home - Department of the Environment and Energy, Australian Government. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Ezzamel, M., Hyndman, N., Johnsen, A. and Lapsley, I., 2014. Reforming central government: an evaluation of an accounting innovation.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(4), pp.409-422. Foucault, M., 2013.Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977-1984. Routledge. Harris, P.T., Bridge, T.C., Beaman, R.J., Webster, J.M., Nichol, S.L. and Brooke, B.P., 2013. Submerged banks in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, greatly increase available coral reef habitat.ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil,70(2), pp.284-293. Hill, M. and Varone, F., 2014.The public policy process. Routledge. Khan, Y., Fazli, G., Henry, B., de Villa, E., Tsamis, C., Grant, M. and Schwartz, B., 2015. The evidence base of primary research in public health emergency preparedness: a scoping review and stakeholder consultation.BMC public health,15(1), p.1. Litman, T., 2015.Evaluating public transit benefits and costs. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Micheletti, M., Stolle, D. and Berlin, D., 2014. Sustainable citizenship: The role of citizens and consumers as agents of the environmental state.State and environment: The comparative study of environmental governance, pp.203-236. Purcell, M., 2014. Public participation in new local governance spaces: The case for community development in local strategic partnerships. InThe European Conference on Politics, Economics and Law 2014: Official Conference Proceedings(pp. 143-159). IAFOR. Rose-Ackerman, S. and Palifka, B.J., 2016.Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge university press. UNEP, 2017.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Home page. [online] Unep.org. Available at: https://www.unep.org [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Vinuales, J.E., 2014.The Rio declaration on environment and development: a commentary. Oxford University Press, USA.

Part 1 Gothic Fiction The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Flashcard

Part 1: Gothic Fiction: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Delete Questions in ACT English 6 Strategies

Add/Delete Questions in ACT English 6 Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Brace yourself for some more ACT English fun. Add/Delete questions are a common type of rhetorical skills question on the ACT English section. These questions ask whether you should add or delete a sentence or phrase within a passage. They test your reading comprehension and ability to analyze sentences within a passage. In this post, I'll do the following: Explain add/delete questions. Teach you the basic constructions of add/delete questions. Provide example questions. Give you strategies and a step-by-step approach for answering this type of question. General Construction of Add/Delete Questions Being able to quickly identify an add/delete question on the ACT will be helpful in determining how to go about finding the answer. Here are the constructions for the different types of add/delete questions you will encounter on the ACT English section. Add Questions This is the general construction of an add question: At this point in the essay, the author is considering inserting the following sentence: Should this sentence be inserted? A. Yes, because... B. Yes, because... C. No, because... D. No, because... Add questions are two part questions. First, you have to determine if the sentence should be added and if it logically fits at that point in the passage. Then, you have to identify the reasoning for why the sentence should or shouldn't be added. Now, let's take a look at the general constructions of delete questions. Delete Questions There are two primary types of delete questions. Type #1: Kept or Deleted This is the construction of the first type: At this point, the author is considering deleting the following sentence: Should this be kept or deleted? A. Kept, because... B. Kept, because... C. Deleted, because... D. Deleted, because... These are also two part questions.You have to determine if a sentence or phrase is relevant at that point in the passage. If it's not relevant, then it should be deleted; it has to be necessary in the context of the passage. Next, you have to determine why it should be kept or deleted. Additonally, there is another type of delete question. Type #2: Primarily Lose This is the general construction of the second type of delete question: The writer is considering deleting the phrase or sentence...If the phrase or sentence was deleted, the sentence or essay would primarily lose: For these questions, you have to analyze the purpose of a phrase in a sentence or the purpose of a sentence in a passage to determine what thesentence or phrase provides to the passage. Follow these steps to right answers! Strategies for Add/Delete Questions After you identify an add or delete question, you need to know the strategies and steps for correctly answering the question. First we'll go over how to tackle add questions. Add Questions The following excerpt is taken from the last paragraph of a passage about fixing raptor feathers: 75. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following true statement: The imping procedure is just one of the many responsibilities bird rehabilitators have. Should the writer make this addition here? Yes, because it reveals the relative importance of imping compared to the other work of bird rehabilitators. Yes, because it reinforces the idea that imping is of great benefit to raptors. No, because it goes beyond the scope of the essay, which focuses on how the feathers of certain types of birds are repaired. No, because it undermines the essay's earlier claim that imping is the most important work that bird rehabilitators do. #1: Analyze the Added Sentence to See What It's Doing The excerpt that I gave you describes the imping procedure. Earlier in the passage, the definition of imping is given: The added sentence is discussing the activities of bird rehabilitators more generally. It's placing the focus on bird rehabilitators and what they do. #2: Refer Back to the Passage to See if the Sentence Should Be Added Given Where It Would Be Placed The added sentence mustbe relevant in context. For our example, thesentence should be related to imping. For ACT English passages, you can typically determine main ideas with the title, and, if necessary, the first couple of sentences of the passage. For our example, the title is Fixing Raptor Feathers. Here are the first couple of sentences: Raptors, or birds of prey, cannot afford to begrounded for weeks waiting for a large number offlight feathers to regrow. They must be able to fly ifthey are to hunt and eat. Based on just the title and the first couple of sentences, we can determine that the focus of the passage is on fixing raptor feathers. Therefore, the sentence would not be an appropriate conclusion because the passage is not focusing on bird rehabilitators or their responsibilities but on the importance and process of fixing raptor feathers. #3: Answer the Yes or No Question First Because the sentence would not logically fit in the context of the passage, we can determine that the answer is no. #4: Eliminate the Two "Yes" Answer Choices or the Two "No" Answer Choices Since we have determined that the sentence should not be added, we can eliminate answer choices A and B. #5: Provide the Reasoning in Your Own Words In my own words, I would say that the sentence should not be added because the passage focuses on fixing raptor feathers, not on the responsibilities of bird rehabilitators. #6: Pick the Answer Choice that Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Answer choice D is wrong because nowhere in the passage does the essay claim that imping is the most important job of bird rehabilitators. Even though it's possible that imping is the most important job of bird rehabilitators, you can't assume that's true unless it's directly stated or inferred from what's written in the passage. Answer choice C is the onethat most closely matches our reasoning. The added sentence would be outside the scope of the essay because the essay's focus is on fixing raptor feathers. Delete Questions Now that we've covered add questions, let's go through how to answer the two types of delete questions. Type #1: Kept or Deleted The following excerpt is from the first paragraph of a passage on a potter's kiln: #1: Determine the Purpose of the Deleted Portion You have to figure out why the phrase or sentence is included at that point in the passage. What's it doing there? In our example question, the phrase "and transform glazes to glorious colors" provides more information about what a kiln does. #2: Refer Back to the Passage to Determine if the Deleted Portion Is Necessary Given Its Context and the Passage's Focus For our example, we have to determine if providing more detail about the purpose of a kiln is relevant to the essay's focus. Once again, let's look at the title to determine the main idea. The title of this passage is The Potter's Kiln. Providing more information about the purpose of a kiln is indeed relevant to the essay's focus. #3: Answer the Kept or Deleted Question First Because the phrase provides a relevant detail about the passage's focus, the phrase should be kept. #4: Eliminate the Two Kept or Deleted Answer Choices We can eliminate choices C and D because we have determined that the phrase should be kept. #5: Provide the Reasoning in Your Own Words I would say that the phrase should be kept because it provides descriptive information about kilns, the topic of the passage. #6: Select the Answer Choice that Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Answer choice A is wrong because the phrase has nothing to do with the time-consuming process of painting pottery. The phrase simply mentions that a kiln can transform glazes to glorious colors. Answer choice B is closest to our reasoning. If you follow these steps and comprehend the meaning and function of the deleted portion, you should be able to arrive at the correct answer relatively quickly. Now, here is the process for answering the second type of delete question. Type #2: Primarily Lose Take a look at this actual ACT "primarily lose" question: #1: Determine the Purpose of the Deleted Portion To determine the purpose of the deleted portion, first look at the sentence without the deleted phrases. The sentence would read, "By contrast American society has often been described as one that values youth over age." In that sentence, the contrast is different and less descriptive. Therefore, the phrases make the contrast more descriptive and specific. #2: State What Would Be Lost In Your Own Words We can say that the sentence would be less descriptive and have a different contrast if the phrases were deleted. #3: Eliminate Wrong Answer Choices The correct answer must state the purpose of the phrases. Incorrect answers can sound logical, but they will not match the function of the phrases in the specific sentence. Only consider the specific portion that would be deleted. Answer choice "F" is wrong. The phrases "the vibrant energy of" and "the wisdom and experience gained with" do not show a personal or reflective tone. That's not their purpose in the sentence and there's nothing about those specific phrases that indicates a personal or reflective tone. Answer choice G is wrong. I think we can all admit that there is nothing inherently funny about those phrases. Answer choice J is wrong. Nowhere in the sentence does the author indicate a preference. The phrases are both positive. #4: Select the Answer that Most Closely Matches Your Own Answer choice H is correct. The phrases are details that illustrate the contrast. American society does not just value youth over age, but American society values the vibrant energy of youth over the wisdom and experience gained with age. Let's reviewsome general tips to help you with all add/delete questions. Quick Review: General Strategies Follow this advice when answering add/delete questions. #1: Determine the Purpose of What Is Added or Deleted In order to answer any add/delete question, you need to figure out what purpose theaddition or deletion serves in the sentence. The "primarily lose" questions are directly asking you to determine the purpose of a phrase or sentence. #2: Refer Back to the Passage to Help Determine the Context of Added or Deleted Portions and if Added or Deleted Portions Logically Fit Any added sentence should logically follow the previous sentence and connect to the following sentence. Itshould also be relevant to the focus of the paragraph or passage. A phrase should be deleted if it's not relevant to the purpose of a sentence. A sentence should be deleted if it falls outside the scope of the essay or doesn't logically follow the previous sentence. For delete questions, another good strategy is looking at the sentence or paragraph without the portion the question is asking about. Then, you can more easily determine if deleting that portion would be appropriate. #3: For Two Part Questions, Answer the First Part First For add questions, answer the "yes" or "no" question first. For delete questions, answer the "kept" or "deleted" question first. #4: Eliminate Wrong Answer Choices For two part questions, you can immediately eliminate the two answer choices that don't match your answer to the first part of the question. For "primarily lose" questions, eliminate the choices that don't match the purpose of the phrase or sentence. #5: State Your Reasoning in Your Own Words For all add/delete questions, state why something should be added or deleted ordetermine what would be lost in your own words, before looking at the answer choices. #6: Select the Answer Choice That Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Ideally, you will see an answer choice that is almost identical to your reasoning. That should be your right answer. If there's no answer choice that matches your reasoning, work backwards to identify the correct answer. Start with a possible answer choice and determine if it correctly answers the question. Or, if time permits, review the question again to make sure you didn't make a mistake. What's Next? Make sure you're comfortable with all of the different types of rhetorical skills questions that appear on the ACT English section. Some examples of these types of questions include macro-logic, relevance, and author main goal. Are you making one of the 8 most common mistakes? Learn how to avoid them with this post. Rhetorical skills like Add/Delete questions are harder if you don't understand the big picture. Make sure you know the best way to approach the passage. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Facts

Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Facts Saltpeter is a common chemical, used for many products and science projects. Heres a look at what exactly saltpeter is. Saltpeter is the natural mineral source of the chemical potassium nitrate, KNO3. Depending on where you live, it may be spelled saltpetre  rather than saltpeter. Before systematic naming of chemicals, saltpeter was called nitrate of potash. It has also been called Chinese salt or Chinese snow. In addition to KNO3, the compounds sodium nitrate (NaNO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) are also sometimes referred to as saltpeter. Pure saltpeter or potassium nitrate is a white crystalline solid, usually encountered as a powder. Most potassium nitrate is produced using a chemical reaction of nitric acid and potassium salts, but bat guano was an important historical natural source. Potassium nitrate was isolated from guano by soaking it in water, filtering it, and harvesting the pure crystals that grow. It may be produced in a similar manner from urine or manure. Uses of Saltpeter Saltpeter is a common food preservative and additive, fertilizer, and oxidizer for fireworks and rockets. It is one of the principal ingredients in gunpowder. Potassium nitrate is used to treat asthma and in topical formulations for sensitive teeth. It was once a popular medication for lowering blood pressure. Saltpeter is a component of condensed aerosol fire suppression systems, salt bridges in electrochemistry, heat treatment of metals, and for thermal storage in power generators. Saltpeter and Male Libido Its a popular myth that saltpeter inhibits male libido. Rumors abound that saltpeter has been added to food in prison and military installations to curb sexual desire, but there is no evidence to support this has been done or would even work. Saltpeter and other nitrates have a long history of medical use, but it is toxic in high doses and can produce symptoms ranging from a mild headache and upset stomach to kidney damage and dangerously altered pressure. Sources: LeConte, Joseph (1862). Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpeter. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department. p. 14. Retrieved 4/9/2013. UK Food Standards Agency: Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers. Retrieved 3/9/2012. US Food and Drug Administration: Food Additives and Ingredients. Retrieved 3/9/2013. Snopes.com: The Saltpeter Principle. Retrieved 3/9/2013.

Marketing junk food to children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing junk food to children - Essay Example Junk foods are made up of sugary ingredients. Unfortunately, sugar is the cause of many diseases in the society. For instance, it is evident that too much sugar in the body in the form of starch result to obesity (Smith 431). Sugar is also associated with the occurrence of diabetes that is among the leading death causing diseases. It is as a result of this negative impact of sugar in the consumers’ health that Coric wrote the script and produced the movie â€Å"Fed Up.† It is crucial for appropriate measures to be taken in order to reduce the occurrence of nutritional diseases among young children. One of the best measures is for everyone to take part in the condemnation of junk food (Smith 431). In doing so, the marketing of junk food to kids in TV programs as well as their respective schools will be stopped. It is also advisable for the adults to learn about the production of junk foods so as to avoid buying them for their children. Additionally, it is crucial for the parents to inform their children on the negative effects of junk foods so that they can avoid consuming them in their

Battle of Algeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Battle of Algeria - Essay Example Instead, it brings out the working practices of institutional structures, the aesthetic strategies associated with that as well as related cultural politics. One good example of Third Cinema is The Battle of Algiers, which is a departure from the characteristic Hollywood style of drama. In its creation of a false sense of documentary, it makes use of simple tools. It has a background of the reporting styles of the 1960s. The production employs such tools as a flashback narrative structure, grainy black and white stock, handheld camera, zoom lens as well as long lenses. The film achieved both commercial success as well as an aesthetic success. Its success at the Venice Film Festival surprised many. It received a lot of praises especially in Europe and the United States. The climax of the success, it enjoyed globally was the eleven cinema awards it won between 1966 and 1967. During that time, it also got three Oscar nominations. The Battle of Algiers was a 1965 production of Italian director Gillo Pontecorvo with cooperation from the revolutionary government of Algeria. The film goes against conventional Hollywood procedures. Shooting in a studio with the use of popular professional actors was not a consideration. Instead, it uses a real life set up with only one actor. That led to its classification as a quasi-documentary. The choice of scenes for the film serves Pontecorvo’s objective. His aim is to give it a realistic touch. The film captures Casbah, a traditionally Muslim part of Algiers, as the scenes are in its marketplaces and narrow streets. Jean Martin, the only professional actor, plays the role of Colonel Mathieu. The fact that the producer was Italian may have led to the film’s similarities to Italian Neo-realism. Pontecorvo elects to use simple equipment so as to create a visual effect similar to that of a documentary. The

What Is Mento Essay Example for Free

What Is Mento Essay Mento is a distinct style of Jamaican music that emerged in the early 1900s and is not to be confused with Jamaican calypso. Mento, much like other Caribbean folk music, is a blending of African rhythms, Latin rhythms, and Anglo folksongs. Mento draws its traditions from African slaves brought to Jamaica and some European folk culture. Slaves were sometimes made to play music, singing European folk songs which largely influenced the development of Mento. Inevitably, the slaves would infuse their own traditions with the music and it became common practice to sing Mento songs about social lives of the people. In Jamaica, Mento is sometimes referred to as country music, because of it light hearted and simplistic lyrics as well as the omitting of electric instruments. A Mento band typically consists of a banjo, an acoustic guitar, hand drums and rumba box and is characterized by a 3:3:2 rhythms with an emphasis on the fourth beat in each bar. Mento came to real prominence in the 1940s and 1950s before being displaced by ska, rock steady and reggae. It wasnt until the early 1950s that true Mento recordings first began to appear on 78 RPM discs. This decade was mento’s golden age, as a variety of artists recorded Mento songs in an assortment of rhythms and styles. It was the peak of mentos creativity and popularity in Jamaica and the birth of Jamaicas recording industry. These recordings reveal Mento to be a diverse musical genre, sometimes played with reckless abandon and other times with orderly precision. In addition to mentos African and European roots, by this time, it had also encompassed pan-Caribbean influences, as well as from American jazz. Although it was informed by a world of music, mento is clearly, uniquely Jamaican. And as Jamaicas original music, all other Jamaican music can trace its roots to mento . Mento is still listened to in Jamaica today, but mostly be heard in tourist destinations. Early recordings of traditional mento are difficult to find. Some early mento practioners were Slim and Slam, Count Lasher and Everard Williams.

Emotional Inteligence Essay -- Emotional Intelligence

An increasing percent of the population begins to know the idea of emotional intelligence. This concept was firstly developed by two American university professors, John Mayer and Peter Salovey (1990) and they concluded that, people with high emotional quotient are supposed to learn more quickly due to their abilities. Another psycologist named Daniel Goleman (1995) extended the theory and also made it well-known. In his articles and books, he argued that people with high emotional quotient do better than those with low emotional quotient. In this essay, it will be argued that high emotional intelligence can influence work performance positively to a relatively high extent. Both benefits and limitations of a high level of EI in the workplace will be discussed and a conclusion will be drawn at the end of this essay. The definition of emotional intelligence given by Salovey and Mayer (1990) focuses on the ability to understand one’s own and others’ emotions and also to manage one’s own emotions positively. On the other hand, Goleman’s definition (1995) covers more aspects, including 25 abilities and skills such as trustworthiness, communication and empathy. The former definition is more scientific and appropriate while the latter one is called the ‘corporate definition’ because its contents accommodate the interests of large corporations. However, the academic findings of the two professors are not widely known while Goleman’s edition is commonly accepted due to his best-seller book ‘Emotional Intelligence’ (Goleman 1995). The following essay will be mainly based on Goleman’s definition. High emotional intelligence can improve work performance and its varied aspects can contribute to work differently. One aspect of emotion... ...igence: Isses in Paradigm building, The emotionally intelligent workplace: how to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations, Jossey-Bass Ch.2 Goleman D.(2001) An EI-based theory of performance, The emotionally intelligent workplace: how to select for, measure, and improve emallenge emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations, Jossey-Bass Ch.3 Fernandez-Araoz C.(2001) The challenge of hiring senior executives, The emotionally intelligent workplace: how to select for, measure, and improve emallenge emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations, Jossey-Bass Ch.6 Arnold J., Silvester J., Patterson F., Robertson I., Cooper C. and Burnes B. (2005) Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace 4th edition, Pearson Education Limited Essex

Love or friendship? Essay

Love is just an affection that we feel but friendship is the second most important thing in the world. friendship weighs more. because we can find another special someone but you can’t find that true friend even if you search for a very long time. one more thing, study first before engaging to that very complicated thing. according to the wikipedia, Love is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection (â€Å"I love my mother†) to pleasure (â€Å"I loved that meal†). It can refer to an emotion of a strong attraction and personal attachment.[1] It can also be a virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection—†the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another†.[2] It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one’s self or animals.[3] Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (agape).[4][5] Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love.[6] Non-Western traditions have also distinguished variants or symbioses of these states.[7] This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.[8] Love may be understood as a function to keep human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species. This is just my way of expressing but its up to you if what will you choose. but be wise and brave enough of whatever your decision is.

Mice of Men

Steinbeck uses different techniques to build up tension and atmosphere in the fight scene of ‘Of Mice And Men’. These methods include powerful images, vivid choice of words and speed of events. Personally, I think the most effective method is the contrast between Lennie’s gentleness and power. I think Steinbeck achieves the full potential effect with this technique, and it really adds to the images in the readers mind. John Steinbeck uses violence in speech to build up tension.Curley says â€Å"Come on ya big bastard. Get on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me. I’ll show you who’s yella†. This quotation shows the obscene language used in the fight scene, and how it builds up atmosphere. Curley speaks in an aggressive manner and this dialogue shows he was acting threateningly towards Lennie. Not only does the obscene language suggest his fury, it also acts as evidentiary support for how uneducated the ranch workers were.This i s also backed up by the fact that the boss doesn’t swear, suggesting he is slightly more intelligent than his employees, hence his authority. Curley is described as ‘handy’ earlier in the text, meaning he is a good fighter. He also tends to attack an easy target. Lennie is extremely vulnerable, despite his size. Therefore, Curley would be significantly improving his reputation by fighting Lennie, because people would be unaware of his vulnerability and just notice his appearance. The violence in speech is a very effective technique.

us relations with kuwait essays

us relations with kuwait essays Kuwait is located on the Northwest coast of the Persian Gulf in Southwest Asia. It is bordered by Iraq on the Northwest and North sides, and by Saudi Arabia on the South side. The countrys total area, including the islands of Bubiyan, Warbah, and Faylakah is 6,880 square miles. (Encarta) Virtually the entire country, except for some small coastal areas, is barren desert, with a flat to rolling terrain. Soils are practically nonexistent. The average annual temperature is 77Â ° F, and the average annual rainfall is 127 mm (5 in) or less, most of which falls in the cooler season, between October and March. During the dry season temperatures frequently exceed 115Â ° F. The country obtains its water supply from the desalination of sea water. Petroleum and natural gas are Kuwait's only natural resources. (Encarta) The Native people of Kuwait are Arabs. There are also many minority groups in Kuwait such as Indians, Pakistanis, and Iranians. In 1999, the estimated population of Kuwait was 1,991,115, with fifty-four percent being immigrants. The population density is around 112 persons per 289 square miles. (facts.com) The dominant religion is Islam. The majority of the Muslims are Sunnite Muslims. The official language is Arab, but English is widely spoken. (Grolier) Kuwaits government is headed by a hereditary emir whose power is exercised through a prime minister and a council of ministers. There are fifty legislators elected to four year terms. Political parties are not allowed; however, several Islamic groups have run candidates in elections. Voting is only done by native born, literate males over the age 21. (Grolier) Kuwaits economy is almost completely based on petroleum. Kuwait has a law that requires ten percent of all petroleum revenues to be deposited into a special reserve fund to provide for the time when the oil reserves are exhausted. Kuwait has one of the highest per-capita incomes in th...

Conjugating the French Verb Déménager (to Move House)

Conjugating the French Verb Dà ©mà ©nager (to Move House) In French, the noun  nouvelle maison  means new house. When moving to that new house, the verb   dà ©mà ©nager  is used. Literally to move, this verb must be conjugated when using it in the past, present, or future tense.   Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©mà ©nager Dà ©mà ©nager  is a  spelling change verb  and that makes it a bit of a challenge to conjugate. It follows a pattern found in other verbs that end in -ger  such as  bouger  (to move). As you will see, in some conjugations an E is added after the G. This is to retain the soft G sound before an ending that begins with an A or O. Other than that, conjugating  dà ©mà ©nager  is relatively simple. To transform it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I move is je dà ©mà ©nage and we will move is nous dà ©mà ©nagerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dmnage dmnagerai dmnageais tu dmnages dmnageras dmnageais il dmnage dmnagera dmnageait nous dmnageons dmnagerons dmnagions vous dmnagez dmnagerez dmnagiez ils dmnagent dmnageront dmnageaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©mà ©nager The  present participle  of  dà ©mà ©nager  is  dà ©mà ©nageant.  It is not just a verb, but can also act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © Beyond the imperfect, the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another common way to express the past tense in French. To form this, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to the subject pronoun. Then, add the  past participle  dà ©mà ©nagà ©. For instance, I moved is jai dà ©mà ©nagà © and we moved is nous avons dà ©mà ©nagà ©. More Simple  Dà ©mà ©nager  Conjugations to Know The most important conjugations to study are those above. There are also times when you will need to know a few more simple forms of  dà ©mà ©nager. For instance, if the action of moving is somehow questionable, you might employ either the subjunctive or the conditional verb moods. In rare instances and most often in writing, you may also encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. While not vital to most students French studies, its a good idea to be able to recognize these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dmnage dmnagerais dmnageai dmnageasse tu dmnages dmnagerais dmnageas dmnageasses il dmnage dmnagerait dmnagea dmnaget nous dmnagions dmnagerions dmnagemes dmnageassions vous dmnagiez dmnageriez dmnagetes dmnageassiez ils dmnagent dmnageraient dmnagrent dmnageassent In the imperative verb form,  dà ©mà ©nager  can be used in short and often assertive commands or requests. When using it, skip the subject pronoun: use  dà ©mà ©nage rather than tu dà ©mà ©nage. Imperative (tu) dmnage (nous) dmnageons (vous) dmnagez

Teaching and presentation skills FOR NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS Essay

Teaching and presentation skills FOR NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS - Essay Example The topic I chose for my teaching and presentation session was Direct Payments. The present essay will discuss the theories, process and teaching and presentation skills which I learnt to practice. I will use Gibbs reflective model to examine the preparation and delivery of the lesson I delivered using teaching and presentation skills. I have opted for Gibbs model of reflection because it integrates a number of logical steps including description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). I will facilitate critical thought and relate theory to practice in an effective manner using Gibbs model. I will evaluate and analyse my teaching practice using SWOT analysis in order to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of my teaching practice and to identify areas for future improvement (Wilkinson 2007). Reflective practice in nursing and social work is guided by models of reflection. A reflective practice model serves as a framework within which nursing or other management professions can work. Reflective practice model is also a structural framework or learning model that serves the purposes of a profession and is particularly applicable to health and social care professions (Smith & Jack 2005). Any portfolio of practice includes a model of reflection as reflection helps in determining what was positive or negative in a pedagogical experience. Reflective practice highlights the importance of learning from experiences through reflection. It relates the practical experiences to the theoretical learning approaches (Johns & Graham 1996). There are many different ways of learning and teaching. Sensory stimulation theory has its foundation in learning through the senses that is seeing, hearing, touch, smell and taste. (Petty 2004). Brockbank & McGill (1998)

Strategic Organizational Culture Change Management Case Study

Strategic Organizational Culture Change Management - Case Study Example The final culture will be one in which everyone will focus on providing with error-free products and services according to the needs of the customer (Gregory H. Watson, 2007Page "Can it be said that Six Sigma is a culture" to which the obvious answer is "Yes." The reason is that Six Sigma is a concept-based metrics-driven, crisis-solving and project-tailored type of initiative. In addition Six Sigma connects performance to pay, has a proper vision, institutes a value, has distinct roles, is spread by way of knowledge transfer and calls for coaching by internal leaders. These are the reasons that make Six Sigma considerably control corporate culture (http://www. isixsigma.com/forum/ ask_dr_harry.aspToDo=view&questId=51&catId=9, retrieved 2nd October 2009). Gregory H. Watson, 2007, Strategic benchmarking reloaded with six sigma: improve your company's .., Jhon Wiley & sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. http://www.isixsigma.com/forum/ask dr_harry.asp ToDo= view&questId=51&catId =9, retrieved 2nd October 2009.

Analyzing the pollution in rivers and lakes by using artificial neural Article

Analyzing the pollution in rivers and lakes by using artificial neural network, fuzzy logic, and regression methods - Article Example The basic approach is to train an ANN unit using a set of already known set of data to predict a similar future event. In this study feed forward ANN could be used to relate the DO measured at each location to predict the other quality parameters as reported. In this method, the (DO)i is considered as the input parameter to the input-neurons which would be passed into the hidden layer of neuron set after multiplying with a correction weight (kj). The main role of the hidden neuron is to add up the weighted sum received from the input set and combines it with a bias (bj) to determine a net value ( netj = ïÆ' ¥ (DO)i kj - bj ). This net value is passed into the output neuron which uses a non-linear function , say, f(net) = 1/ (1+e-net) to determine the output parameters BOD, NO3, NO2 and PO4 (Tayfur and Singh, 2006). The fuzzy logic approach for the prediction of dissolved oxygen level is based on the set of rules that is in built in the model. This process is undertaken in four different steps. Allocation of partial belonging to each input variable in the form of membership function , which takes up values from 0 to 1, is the first step. This process is referred as fuzzification. The allocation is based on intuition and linear triangular functions are the commonly adopted one. The fuzzy rule base is the next requirement to relate the input and the outputs using if-then logical relations. In the present work it could be either as - If BOD is low , NO3 is low and PO4 is low then DO is high - or If BOD is high, NO3 is high and PO4 is high then DO is low. Next is the fuzzy output subset construction by addition of all the fuzzy subsets. The fuzzy output function need to be converted to discrete form of results using defuzzifcation methods. Centre of gravity method (COG method) could be used to this process for the present situation (Tayfur and Singh, 2006, Chen et

Ácido Clorhídrico Y Ácido Acético en Vinagre

à cido Clorhà ­drico Y à cido Acà ©tico en Vinagre Titulacià ³n de à ¡cido clorhà ­drico y à ¡cido acà ©tico en vinagre comercial con una base fuerte Propà ³sito Determinar el punto de equivalencia entre las reacciones NaOH (ac) + HCl (ac) à   NaCl (ac) + H2O (l) y NaOH (ac) + HCH3COO (ac) à   NaCH3COO (ac) + H2O (l), observando los cambios fà ­sicos en la titulacià ³n de las soluciones, utilizando un indicador (Fenolftaleà ­na o Anaranjado de metilo) y un pH metro. Antecedentes Debido a que en la prà ¡ctica 6 â€Å"Titulacià ³n de à ¡cido clorhà ­drico y à ¡cido acà ©tico en vinagre comercial con una base fuerte† se realizarà ¡ una titulacià ³n de dos sustancias que reaccionan en una neutralizacià ³n, se hace necesario conocer ambos conceptos. Existen sustancias que al diluirlas en agua (solvente) se disocian en sus iones. A à ©stas se les conoce como electrolitos, pues conducen electricidad. Aquellas que no se disocian en sus iones conformantes se les conoce como no electrolitos. En la prà ¡ctica se trabajarà ¡ con electrolitos, pues las sustancias utilizadas son bases y à ¡cidos que se disocian en sus iones OH- y H+ respectivamente, aumentando su concentracià ³n en el agua. El à ¡cido clorhà ­drico y el à ¡cido acà ©tico, cuando sean diluidos en agua aumentarà ¡n la concentracià ³n de protones H+, con lo que el pH de la disolucià ³n serà ¡ à ¡cido. Por el contrario el Hidrà ³xido de sodio es una base que acepta protones H+ disminuyendo la concentracià ³n en el solvente. Con ello el pH serà ¡ bà ¡sico. A las sustancias se les llama à ¡cidas cuando la concentracià ³n de protones de hidrà ³geno es mayor a 1 * 10 -7 ion por gramo por litro, neutra cuando es igual a 1*10-7 ion por gramo por litro, y bà ¡sica cuando es menor a 1 * 10 -7 ion por gramo por litro. Debido a que el valor de concentracià ³n de iones de hidrà ³geno los nà ºmeros son valores muy pequeà ±os, Sà ¶rensen los expresà ³ por logaritmos con signos positivos originando lo que conocemos como pH, que es una escala que expresa los exponentes de concentracià ³n de iones H+. Por lo tanto cuando hacemos que una disolucià ³n se vuelva à ¡cida su pH disminuye, y si al contrario se vuelve mà ¡s bà ¡sica su pH aumenta, tal como lo seà ±ala la siguiente escala: à cidas Neutras Bà ¡sicas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Como se puede observar el HCl y el HCH3COO son à ¡cidos monoprà ³ticos, pues producen un protà ³n H+ por molà ©cula de à ¡cido. Caracterà ­sticas de las bases: Una propiedad especial es que son amargos y conducen corriente elà ©ctrica, ademà ¡s se ionizan liberando iones OH-. Caracterà ­sticas de los à ¡cidos: Entre los à ¡cidos tenemos dos grupos: Los hidrà ¡cidos formados por hidrà ³geno y no metales. Por ejemplo ClH (à cido clorhà ­drico). Por otro lado està ¡n los oxà ¡cidos, que son compuestos ternarios que se originan al combinar anhà ­dridos con agua. H2SO4 (à cido sulfà ºrico). La mayorà ­a son solubles en el agua. Tienen sabor picante (acre), y ademà ¡s actà ºan con los metales, liberando hidrà ³geno y formando sales. Los à ¡cidos y las bases se pueden clasificar en dà ©biles o fuertes. Ello depende de la facilidad con la que los à ¡cidos ceden protones y las bases aceptan protones. Un à ¡cido fuerte transfiere por completo sus protones, un à ¡cido dà ©bil se disocia parcialmente en agua. Una base fuerte es aquella que acepta por completo los protones que contiene el agua formando iones OH-. Por lo tanto la base dà ©bil los acepta parcialmente. Entre los seis à ¡cidos mà ¡s fuertes se encuentran uno utilizado en la prà ¡ctica, el à ¡cido clorhà ­drico, mientras que el à ¡cido acà ©tico es dà ©bil. Las bases fuertes son aquellas se componen de metales alcalinos o alcalinotà ©rreos. Por dicha razà ³n el NaOH es una base fuerte. Cuando disoluciones de una base y un à ¡cido se hacen reaccionar se origina una reaccià ³n de neutralizacià ³n, en la cual se produce una sal y agua. Se conoce como neutralizacià ³n pues al reaccionar disminuye los efectos de à ¡cido y de base. En la prà ¡ctica las reacciones NaOH (ac) + HCl (ac) à   NaCl (ac) + H2O (l) y NaOH (ac) + HCH3COO (ac) à   NaCH3COO (ac) + H2O (l), son de neutralizacià ³n, pues como se puede apreciar en ambas se formarà ¡n una sal y agua. Para determinar la concentracià ³n de H+ en las disoluciones de à ¡cidos respectivos se llevarà ¡ a cabo una titulacià ³n usando como titulante el Hidrà ³xido de sodio. Éste es un proceso a travà ©s del cual se determina la concentracià ³n de un soluto en combinacià ³n con una sustancia de concentracià ³n conocida. En à ©ste caso se desconoce la concentracià ³n de protones hidrà ³geno pero se conoce la concentracià ³n de Hidrà ³xido de sodio. El instrumento de medicià ³n serà ¡ el pHà ­metro, el cual es un dispositivo electrà ³nico que cuenta con dos electrodos que miden pequeà ±os voltajes especà ­ficos para à ¡cidos y bases. Conforme se agregue hidrà ³xido de sodio a la solucià ³n de à ¡cido clorhà ­drico y a la de à ¡cido acà ©tico se irà ¡ observando el momento en el que reaccionarà ¡n cantidades equivalentes de los reactivos. A ello se le conoce como punto de equivalencia y para conocer dicho punto se utilizarà ¡n dos indicadores: la fenolftaleà ­na y el anaranjado de metilo. Un indicador es una sustancia con elevado peso molecular, que cambian de color cuando entra en contacto con à ¡cido o base. El cambio de color seà ±alarà ¡ el punto final de la titulacià ³n el cual equivale al punto de equivalencia que se desea determinar. Para poder elegir el mejor indicador para cada parte de la prà ¡ctica, se debe basar en el punto de equivalencia y el rango de viraje de color de ambos. La fenolftaleà ­na es de color transparente en un medio à ¡cido y en medio bà ¡sico se torna rosado. En una titulacià ³n à ¡cido-base como la que se realizarà ¡ el punto final de la titulacià ³n ocurrirà ¡ cuando al agregar hidrà ³xido de sodio aparezca una coloracià ³n rosada pà ¡lida. Su viraje està ¡ en un rango de pH de 8 a 10. El anaranjado de metilo cambia de color en un intervalo de pH de 3.1 a 4.4, por debajo de 3.1 es su forma à ¡cida, con coloracià ³n roja. Por arriba de 4.4 es la conversià ³n completa a forma bà ¡sica y su coloracià ³n es amarilla, punto final de la titulacià ³n. No serà ¡ conveniente utilizar fenolftaleà ­na para la reaccià ³n del à ¡cido fuerte (HCl) y la base fuerte (NaOH), puesto que el pH en su punto de equivalencia es 7 pues todos sus iones estarà ¡n neutralizados y dicha sustancia cambia su coloracià ³n en un rango de 8 a 10 de la escala pH. En la segunda parte cuando reaccione el à ¡cido dà ©bil (HCH3COO) con la base fuerte (NaOH), si es conveniente usar la fenolftaleà ­na. Ello se debe a que cuando un à ¡cido dà ©bil reacciona con una base fuerte el protà ³n H+ se hidroliza. Por dicha razà ³n el pH del punto de equivalencia es mayor a 7. Es importante conocer que la hidrà ³lisis es un tipo de reaccià ³n, en la cual los iones reaccionan con agua para generar protones H+ o iones hidroxilo. Cuestionario Describa los siguientes conceptos: 1. Neutralizacià ³n: Es una reaccià ³n que se origina de la interaccià ³n entre una base y un à ¡cido, en la cual se contrarrestan sus efectos y se produce agua y una sal. La neutralizacià ³n ocurre de esta forma: H+ + OH- à   H2O (l) 2. à cido: Sustancia que dona protones. 3. Base: Sustancia que acepta protones. 4. à cido fuerte: Sustancia que dona protones y que se encuentra en disolucià ³n acuosa completamente como iones. 5. Base fuerte: Sustancia que acepta protones y que se encuentra en disolucià ³n acuosa completamente como iones. 6. à cido Dà ©bil: Sustancia que dona protones y que se encuentra en disolucià ³n acuosa parcialmente como iones. 7. Base dà ©bil: Sustancia que acepta protones y que se encuentra en disolucià ³n acuosa parcialmente como iones. 8. Punto de equivalencia: Punto en el cual reaccionan cantidades estequiomà ©tricamente equivalentes. Reacciones NaOH (ac) + HCl (ac) à   NaCl (ac) + H2O(l) NaOH(ac) + HCH3COO(ac) à   NaCH3COO (ac) + H2O(l)

Feminist Reading of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Feminism Feminist Women Cr

A Feminist Reading of The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late nineteenth century, after the American social and economic shift commonly referred to as the "Industrial Revolution" had changed the very fabric of American society, increased attention was paid to the psychological disorders that apparently had steamed up out of the new smokestacks and skyscrapers in urban populations (Bauer, 131).   These disorders were presumed to have been born out of the exhaustion and "wear and tear" of industrial society (Bauer, 131-132).   An obvious effect of these new disorders was a slew of physicians and psychiatrists advocating one sort of cure or another, although the "rest cure" popularized by the physician S. Weir Mitchell was the most embraced (Bauer, 131; Saur, 151-152).   However, while the "rest cure" for men involved physical exercise and leisure activities, the cure for women was a suffocating slice of seclusion, bed rest, and no intellectual activity (Bauer, 131).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a renowned feminist and author, was one of the women affected with "...a severe and continuous nervous breakdown tending to melancholia..," which was commonly termed as "neurasthenia" (Gilman, 348-349).   However, rather than cure her, Mitchell's "rest cure" nearly drove her insane.   As a result of her maddening experience away from writing and almost all intellectual thought, she wrote her short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper" not "...to drive people crazy," but instead to "...save people from being driven crazy" (Gilman, 349).   Although her purpose in writing the story is clear, one can not help but wonder if she was motivated solely by her protest to nineteenth century medical practice or by her protest to the legal and socia... ... Boston/New York:   Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998.   130-132. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins.   "The Yellow Wallpaper." The Yellow Wallpaper.   Ed. Dale M. Bauer.   Boston/New York:   Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998.   41-58. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins.   "Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper?" The Yellow Wallpaper.   Ed. Dale M. Bauer.   Boston/New York:   Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. 348-349. Mitchell, S. Weir.   "From Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked." The Yellow Wallpaper.   Ed. Dale M. Bauer.   Boston/New York:   Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. 134-141. Saur, Prudence B.   "From Maternity; A Book for Every Wife and Mother." The Yellow Wallpaper.   Ed. Dale M. Bauer. Boston/New York:   Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. 151- 155. Williams, William C.   "Old Doc Rivers."   The Doctor Stories.   Ed. Robert Coles.   New York:   New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1984.   13-41.

Poverty Population Revised Essay

Believe it or not, more than a billion people worldwide subsists on less than one dollar per day.   At the same time, the world is expected to have another three billion people by 2050, a majority of which are going to come from the poorest areas (Merrick, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do poverty cause population growth?   Or is it the other way around?   This paper would look more closely at the relationship between poverty and population growth, and how to alleviate it.    *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World Bank writes that poverty has many faces: It’s not having a job. Hunger. Not having access to medical services and schools.   It’s fearing for the future.   It’s surviving one day at a time. It’s powerlessness (World Bank, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bernadette Proctor, citing census data figures from 1993 writes that 39.3 million people were officially poor in the United States, 15.1% of that were earning a below the poverty level income.   This means that while most of these people worked, there were still not earning enough for their daily needs.   The situation was not any better in 2002, with 34.6 million American still living below the poverty level.   Lynette Clemetson at the New York Times quotes liberal economists as saying that any increase in poverty in the country was â€Å"too high† considering that the U.S. is viewed as a very prosperous country (Clemetson, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Outside the United States, statistics on poverty paints a grimmer picture that affects far more people in a far devastating degree.  Ã‚   Anup Shah says that there is a distinguished disparity in income, with 80% of the world’s people living in countries where there is widening differences in income between the rich and the poor.   In fact, only 5% of the world’s total income are generated by almost half of the world’s population (Shah, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Out of 2.2 billion children in the world, 1 out of 2 are living in poverty, 1 in 3 do not have adequate homes, 1 in 5 do not have access to safe water, while 1 in 7 have no access to health services.   Many more do not have access to education and proper nutrition (Shah, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Worldwide, a billion people are illiterate.   Diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria claim millions of lives.   People have no access to clean, potable water (Shah, 2008). Causes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While it is difficult to pinpoint exact and complete causes of poverty, the Earth Institute at Columbia University lists three causes of poverty: the social and economic displacement due to civil wars, or local conflicts affecting million of people; the inequitable distribution of land and wealth, and man-made policies like inadequate access credit assistance and adoption of unsustainable technologies (The Earth Institute at Columbia University, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anup Shah asks the empirical questions regarding the causes of poverty.   It could be personal, like wrong decisions made, laziness, or it could be a matter of governance and public policy.   Shah, however, looks deeper into the global causes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Structural adjustment policies have caused cutbacks in vital human services like health and education worldwide.   Ironically, the policies have been instituted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as loan and repayment conditions.  Ã‚   Shah also blames globalization in developing nations, after these countries opened their economies and found themselves competing with more powerful and industrialized nations.   It became a battle of who could provide cheaper wages, resources and lower standards, and has worsened poverty and inequality for most people.   Shah also mentions corruption as a cause of poverty (2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Doors to Diplomacy Project, sponsored by the U.S. State Department and Global Schoolnet, agrees but adds that overpopulation is another major cause.   The project defines overpopulation as the situation of having big numbers of people in too little space, with too few resources (2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rapid population growth worsens inequality,   impedes economic growth, and exacerbates poverty (Alonzo et. al., 2004).   Poverty is caused by many contributing factors, and thus is seen as a complex phenomenon.   While rapid and unsustainable growth alone cannot fully explain poverty, it can help worsen the poverty situation in any given area (Alonzo et. al., 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Researchers at the University of the Philippines, citing a 2004 study that used data on 80 countries, states that a growing population exerts a â€Å"negative and significant† effect on the growth of the economy (Alonzo et. al., 2004). A Vicious Cycle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Debates on population, poverty and its causes are very similar to the childhood question: which came first the chicken or the egg?   Thomas Merrick writes that the popular view in the 60s and 70s held that fertility decline would show population growth and eventually poverty came under fire in the 80s and the 90s (2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merrick, however, clarifies that recent studies and thinking have shown that demographic trends do play a role in poverty studies.   Merrick states that the potential benefits of a lower population, however, rests on the timing and degree of demographic change, the focus of economic policies, the social and economic status of women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two contrasting views about population and poverty.   One says that higher population growth results in poverty, so lower fertility is the key to alleviating poverty (Merrick, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other holds that economic policies determine poverty reduction, disagreeing that family planning is all you need.   This view argues that poverty causes the people to want more children because they can help around the house and take care of their parents in old age (Merrick, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merrick also cites recent research that have found that when fertility declines, there is increased personal savings and investment becomes possible.   The scenario also gives rise to the situation wherein there are more workers responsible for fewer children.   Merrick, however, recognizes that this benefit is temporary, and soon, there will be a situation, when the opposite is true, more retirees will be depending on the working class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merrick also says that a higher population growth increases poverty by retarding the growth of the economy, and worsening the distribution of additional income created by the growth (Merrick, 2002). Government Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clemetson puts it succinctly:   the policy shifts that resulted in the reduction of benefits and welfare structure for the poor are to blame. Peter Timmer agrees. Timmer writes that the different views on the private and social returns of having many children paves the way for government interventions, hopefully something that extends beyond the simple family planning schemes to broader economic development policies (Timmer, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Timmer advocates for learning more about the dynamic behavior of poor households within the context of their environments.   This would lead to a sound policy that can break into the vicious cycle of worsening poverty and declining productivity (Timmer, 1994).   Timmer suggests economic development policies that addresses nutrition, health, and education, as well as policies that bring about a reduction in â€Å"income poverty† can help alleviate poverty (Timmer, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Timmer also says that it would be wise to raise domestic food production, which addresses nutrition further, and also offers a way to control food prices and income distribution by increasing access to food (Timmer, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merrick adds that   family planning alone will not necessarily reduce poverty.   What’s needed to alleviate poverty is the combination of slower population growth, sound economic development, and the reduction of gender inequality (Merrick, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Public policy should promote the woman’s right to   choose for herself how many children she wants to bear and when.   Public policy should inform and educate– and perhaps, subsidize –women about fertility regulation (Merrick, 2002). Empowering Women   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the heart of the debate including poverty, public policy, and population growth, there is one common thread: empowering women.   The United Nations Population Fund explains that poor women who do not have access to family planning services will not be able to participate in income generating activities because they cannot time or space their children adequately.   A woman who is empowered to choose their family size will slow population growth and help alleviate poverty.   The UNFPA reiterates that reproductive health, women’s empowerment and equal right can help break the poverty cycle (United Nations Population Fund, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Empowering women also extends to getting paid employment and education.   The Population Problem: Theory and Evidence as cited by Atanu Dey in his essay The Population-Poverty Trap, states that the lack of education and subsequent paid employment can hinder a woman from making decisions on her own, for herself.   Both imparts a degree of self-confidence (Dey, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More than a billion people are scarcely surviving worldwide.   Another two billion are not much better off.   Poverty is taking countless of lives, and making countless more miserable.   Whatever the reasons, poverty and its eradication, or at least, alleviation should be top of anybody’s list.   A growing body research have pointed to population growth as one of its leading causes.   A vicious cycle is apparent: population growth causes poverty, poverty causes population growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This time, two things are clearer.   Public policy should be formulated only after a thorough understanding of poverty and its causes in a particular locale and milieu, and that policy should take to heart the role and importance of women if it should even go near succeeding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In effect, the way to combat poverty is to put in policies and programs at the grassroots level that would curb the rapid growth of population, coupled with sound public policy and the active and informed participation (coming from education) of women.   Without any one of these elements, any measure will be doomed to fail. Alonzo, R., Balisacan, A., Canlas, D., Capuno, J., Clarete, R., Danao, R., de Dios, E., Diokno, B., Esguerra, E., Fabella, R., Bautista, S., Kraft, A., Medalla, F., Mendoza, M.N., Monsod, S., Paderanga, C., Pernia, E., Quimbo, S., Sicat, G., Solon, O., Tan E., and Tecson G. (2004). Population and Poverty: The Real Score. University of the Philippines School of Economics.   Retrieved on 14 April 2008. Causes of Poverty. (2006). Doors to Diplomacy Project. Retrieved on 15 April 2008. Clemetson, Lynette. (2003). More American in Poverty in 2002, Census Study Says.   New York Times. Retrieved on 14 April 2008. Dey, Atanu. (2004). The Population-Poverty Trap. Retrieved on 14 April 2008. Focus on global poverty. The Earth Institute at Columbia Univeristy.   Retrieved on 14 April 2008. Merrick, Thomas W. (2002). Population and Poverty: New Views on an Old Controvery. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 1.   Retrieved on 14 April 2008.   Poverty, Population and Development. (2004). United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved on 14 April 2008. Proctor, Bernadette. Poverty: Population Profile of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau.  Ã‚   Last Updated 8 February 2008. Retrieved on 14 April 2008. Shah, Anup. (2008). Poverty Facts and Stats. Retrieved on 15 April 2008. Shah, Anup. (2008). Causes of Poverty. Retrieved on 15 April 2008. Timmer, C. Peter. (1994). Population, poverty and politics.   The American Economic Review Vol. 84. No. 2. pp 261. Understanding Poverty. World Bank. Retrieved on 14 April 2008.

DHCP

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Course EMP-5116 Issues in the Management and Operation of Communication Prepared by Student Number Submitted To KAMRUL KHAN 7025417 Dr. Serban Gheorghe Term Report (FALL 2012) December 13, 2012 The main purpose of using DHCP is to assign unique IP address to the computers in a network. This protocol is widely used by the ISPs to let their customers join the internet with less effort. It is also used by the enterprises to reduce workload and simplify the network management. (1) (2) 1. 1 History of DHCP Before DHCP was developed a protocol named Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) was developed for similar functionality as DHCP. Later in 1993, DHCP was introduced for the first time with the release of RFC 1531 as an extension to the BOOTP. The main reason behind extending BOOTP was that manual intervention was required to add configuration information for each client. Furthermore, BOOTP had no mechanism to reclaim disused IP addresses. Within a short period of time, DHCP became popular among the IT community. In 1997 another update of DHCP was released through RFC 2131. RFC 3315 defined the DHCPv6 specification. RFC 3633 was released with a prefix delegation mechanism for DHCPv6. RFC 3736 mechanism to provide configuration information to clients configured using stateless address auto configuration was added as an extension. (1) 1. A brief overview A database of available IP addresses and configuration information is maintained by the DHCP server. When a client requests the DHCP server for configuration information, the DHCP server checks the subnet in which DHCP client is connected, and then sends back the client with appropriate configuration information. 2 Typically IP addresses distributed to clients are assigned f or limited interval by the server. DHCP clients are responsible for renewing their IP address before that interval has expired. If they are unable to renew it by the expiration interval, they must stop using the address. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported by DHCP. Even if a client does not use DHCP for acquiring IP address, it can still be used to obtain other configuration information. (1) 2 2. 1 DHCP and Its operation DHCP Protocol Overview The major component of DHCP is the DHCP server and clients. Basic task of server is to assign IP address to the clients. The DHCP client makes a request to a DHCP server that may or may reside on different subnet. The server distributes IP address, subnet mask and default gateway to a host. Other configuration parameters such as name servers and netbios configuration can also be included. The IP assignment process is called â€Å"binding† or â€Å"lease†. The word â€Å"lease† is used as the client leases an IP address for a particular amount of time. This implies, after a certain period of time client must relinquish the IP address. The DHCP client side works combining six basic states. These states are: Initializing Selecting Requesting Binding Renewing Rebinding These states will be discussed in details in the next chapters of this paper. (3) 3 2. 2 DHCP Lease As discussed before DHCP lease is the process of associating IP address and client. The address leased by the client expires after certain period of time. Two timers are maintained by the client to manage this expiration process. Which are, 1. Renewing time T1 2. Rebinding Time T2 Renewing time T1 means the client will get a new lease from a server. Rebinding is the extension of lease. Typically renewing time is set to half of the renewing time. (4) 2. 3 DHCP Messages and Client States DHCP has several messages for establishing server to client communications. All DHCP instruction or updates are carried through these messages. The basic messages defined for DHCP are, DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST, DHCPACK, DHCPNAK, DHCPDECLINE, DHCPRELEASE, and DHCPINFORM. All these messages are effectively used during different states of DHCP. Purpose and flow of these messages in different DHCP states are discussed in the following sections. (4) 2. 3. 1 INIT The client tries to find a DHCP server by broadcasting DHCPDISCOVER message. It transitions to the SELECTING state. The server sends DHCPOFFER back to the client which is basically the choice of address and other parameters for the client. (5) 2. 3. 2 SELECTING In this state, client waits for DHCPOFFER message from any server. It selects the preferred offer and declares the selection by sending the DHCPREQUEST message. It transitions to the REQUESTING state. (5) 4 2. 3. 3 REQUESTING After sending the DHCPOFFER the client waits for the response from the server. Three different situations can occur. First, the most expected situation that, the server sends the acceptance of the request sent through DHCPACK. The client the starts the T1 and T2 timers and moves to the Bound state. Second, if the previously sent offer is no more available the server ill send a DHCPNAK message to deny the DHCPREQUEST. In this situation the client must return to the INIT state and start from the beginning. Third, server may send acceptance through DHCPACK however, the offer is no more acceptable to the client. Typically, this happens if the client finds the offered address is already been used somewhere else in the network. In this case client sends a DHCPDECLINE message and moves to the INIT state to start over. (4) 2. 3. 4 BOUND If lease assignment is successful the client goes to BOUND state. After timer T1 is expired the client sends a new DHCPREQUEST and moves to RENEWING state. 4) 2. 3. 5 RENEWING In this state client tries to extend of its lease by sending new DHCPREQUEST to the same server it took the lease from. Again three situations may be observed. First, the server may deny the request through DHCPNAK message. The client must return to INIT state and start from beginning in this situation. Second, if client does not get response from server, it will broadcast DHCPREQUEST after T2 is expired and move to the REINDING state. Third, server accepted the new request with the DHCPACK and the lease is extended. The client will again move back to BOUND state in this situation. 4) 5 2. 3. 6 REBINDING As discussed earlier, client moves to REBINDING state if T2 get expired in RENEWING state. Here, if client may get a DHCPACK response from the server if the request is approved. The client will then return to BOUND state extending the lease. Otherwise, the client gets a DHCPNAK response which indicates the refusal of request. In this case the client needs to move to the INIT state to start from beginning. (4) 2. 3. 7 INIT-REBOOT This state is for special case. If a client can find its previous DHCP configuration right after starting up, it moves to special INIT-REBOOT state. It sends a DHCPREQUEST message immediately from where it got the previous lease requesting to use the same old address and moves to the REBOOTING state. (4) 2. 3. 8 REBOOTING In REBOOTING state, client requests the server for allowing the client to continue with the previous address. Here, again two situations may occur. First, server may accept and send DHCPACK. Client will then reset timer T1 and T2 and continue with the previous address. Second, client may get a DHCPNAK message indicating the refusal of the request. Typically this kind of situation occurs when the client is turned off for very long time. The server may assign the address to other client. And as usual the only way left for the client is to go back to the INIT state and start from the beginning. (4) 2. 4 The Finite Client State Machine Finite State Machine (FSM) is a tool or method to describe a protocol. The behavior of a protocol is described by showing all the different states a device can be in, all possible transitions between individual states, events that cause transitions, and the actions that are performed as a response of an event. 6 The FSM can be used to describe the lease life cycle from the perspective of a DHCP client. The client begins its life cycle from the initial INIT state when no lease is acquired. It then travels through different states like, renews, rebinds and/or releases its IP address. The whole process can be described graphically using the FSM method. The below figure describe the FSM of DHCP client. (5) Figure 1: DHCP Client Finite State Machine 7 3 DCHP Server Vendors and Market Overview The ever increasing number of IP devices (Network endpoints, IP telephones, virtual servers, etc. ) is the main emerging factor of IP management and DCHP server market growth. In the past, the network admins had very limited options to pick up a DHCP/DNS solution. Sometimes, they used to write their own codes to manage DHCP/DNS in their network. However, now many vendors have come up with DHCP/DNS solutions. The integrated DNS/DHCP appliancebased offerings are proved to be more attractive to the consumers. (6) 3. 1 Present Market Statistics According to the recent statistics, DHCP solutions along with DNS and IPAM (DDI) have been showing more than 20% consistent growth starting from 2009. In 2011, DDI market had an increment of 36% by generating $290 million. It is estimated that, by the end of 2012, the market will increase to $380 million with an increment of 29%. According to the statistics mentioned above it can clearly be stated that, the DDI market is promising and growing. (7) 3. 2 Market Segments In general, DDI( DNS, DHCP and IPAM) solutions can be categorized in three major segments, bundled offerings, overlay management solutions and managed services. These segments are described in the following sections. (7) 3. 2. 1 Bundled Offerings Bounded offerings are the fastest growing in DDI market. In bundled offerings, the DHCP and DNS services share an integrated database. Although, physical appliance forms are the dominating factor of bundled offerings, software or virtual services are also available. (7) 3. 2. 2 Overlay Management Solutions Overlay management solutions are free DHCP or DNS services. It is easier to deploy as it does not require replacement of DHCP/DNS infrastructure or integration with existing DNS server. It can add management capability to DNS or DHCP and IPAM functionality. (7) 8 3. 2. 3 Managed Services Managed service market is smaller comparing to other segments. According to recent statistics it is around 10% of the total spending of DDI solutions. 7) 3. 3 DDI Vendors Though DDI market is growing, some giant DDI vendors discontinued with their products due to slow revenue and other factors like increasing popularity of appliance based offerings. For example, Nortel used to be one of the market leaders in the field of DDI. However, they decided to discontinue their IP Address Domain Manager from the beginning of 2008. On the ot her hand, Infoblox and BlueCat are getting more popular with their integrated DNS/DHCP appliance based offerings. There are couple of â€Å"free DHCP solutions† available in the market. Among them, the Internet Software Consortium should be mentioned in the first place. Other than that the CMU DHCP server is also very popular (4). However, considering the market scopes and market segments it was found the commercial solutions are more promising. Therefore, in this report only the commercial solutions are briefly described. According to recent market analysis, seven companies were found to be prominent. Their overall rating based on product/service, customer feedback and business strategy is given in the chart below. (7) Figure 2 Market Scope for DDI Source: Gartner, April 2012 9 3. . 1 Alcatel-Lucent Alcatel-Lucent developed their DDI solution VitalQIP back in 1998. It has flexible deployment options with broad overlay solutions. The solution is highly capable with large enterprise network. However, some common features like the DHCP lease history is missing in VitalQIP. This can be considered as major drawback. (7) 3. 3. 2 BlueCat Networks BlueCat is a DDI pure-pla y vendor based on Toronto, Canada. They offer Adion family of integrated DNS and DHCP which can be used as an overlay to manage windows DNS and DHCP. It has strong network discovery and endpoint mapping ability. 7) 3. 3. 3 BT Diamond Diamond IP was released on 2007 by British Telecom. It is a highly scalable product. It is available through software, appliance or for virtual environment (VMWare). Diamond IP is present in all three market segment discussed before: Bundled offerings, overlay and managed services. (7) 3. 3. 4 EfficientIP EfficientIP is another pure-play DDI vendor based on France. They provide solutions as bundled or overlay. The main feature of EfficientIP is its template based architecture functionality which makes it very easy to automate the configuration and management of DNS/DHCP servers. 7) 3. 3. 5 InfoBlox InfoBlox is a California based company founded on 1999. They sell integrated DHCP/DNS solutions and overlay solutions for Microsoft Windows DHCP. Their solutions are available through appliance and virtual VMWare environment. One of the main features of InfoBlox is its grid functionality which makes the operation and management easier. (7) 10 3. 3. 6 Men & Mice Men &Mice is a Iceland based company founded at 1990. They do not sell any integrated DNS/DHCP appliance. They only sell software based overlay solutions for managing DNS/DHCP services from othe r vendors. 7) 3. 3. 7 Nixu Software A Finland based company founded on 1988. The DDI components of Nixu software are only available as software appliance. (7) 4 4. 1 Case Study: TYROLIT Delivers Resilient DNS and DHCP with BlueCat Networks Background TYROLIT is an Austria based company founded in 1919. It is one of the world's largest manufacturers of grinding, cutting, drilling dressing tools and machines for the construction industry. TYROLIT has base in 12 different countries with 4,500 employees at 27 production locations. TYROLIT’ has a